Republic of the Philippines

San Vicente National High School

Brgy. San Vicente, San Pablo City

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Peer Pressure: The Advantages and Disadvantages among Teenagers

Presented to

Mrs. Amalou C. Azucena

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

in English IV

by

Villanueva, Ariane M.

Labag, Manilyn D.

Lopez, Merlyn C.

Ortega, Glenn Allen D.

Artillaga, Aldrich N.

Empemano, Neil Patrick B.

Acknowledgement

This research paper could not have been written without Mrs. Amalou Azucena, who encouraged and challenged us through our academic program. She never accepted less than our best efforts. Thank you.

What are collected in this informative paper are materials that we found in articles, books, or in the internet. We make no claim to be comprehensive. A special thanks to the authors mentioned in the bibliography page. Without you, this research paper would not be possible.

We would like to acknowledge and extend our heartfelt gratitude to our beloved classmates (IV-Banahaw SY 2011-2012) who share their knowledge and experiences that serve as our pattern.

Most especially to our family, friends and schoolmates. Their words alone cannot express what we owe them for their encouragement and whose patient love enabled us to complete this informative paper. A special thanks for our very own peer group going the extra mile with the kind of feedback that put flesh on the bones.

And especially to God, who made all things possible.

-The Researchers-

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Letter to the Readers

Welcome to the Peer Pressure: The Advantages and Disadvantages among Teenagers! This research paper was done to bring out knowledge and ideas as simply and clearly as possible and have related to different aspects of life to attract readers’ attention. It also gives you the chance to discover for yourself most of the ideas presented in the text.

Expect something new that actually happen in real life. There are times you will feel confused. Do not stop until you understand and learn from it. When it happens, try to bring out the best for yourself.

We had written this for you. We expect you to be able to read and learn from it.

Enjoy reading!

-The Researchers-

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Table of Contents

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Introduction:

What if there existed a company that did not have any bosses? Let us look at a company called Gore Associates:

“At Gore there are no titles. If you ask people who work there for their card, it will just say their name and underneath it the word ‘Associate,’ regardless of how much money they make or how much responsibility they have or how long they have been at the company. People don’t have bosses; they have sponsors – mentors – who watch out for their interests. There are no organization charts, no budgets, no elaborate strategic plans. Salaries are determined collectively. Headquarters for the company is a low-slung, unpretentious red brick building. The ‘executive’ offices are small, plainly furnished rooms, along a narrow corridor.”

Nowadays we often hear about peer groups and how peers influence people. Everyone in  the world belongs to a peer group. They are not only for kids. The size of your peer group will vary depending on where you are or who you are with. Remember that peer groups are made up of individuals and that you are an individual with the right to have your own opinions, to feel safe and to respect other people's rights too.

A peer group is a social group consisting of humans. Peer groups are an informal primary group of people who share a similar or equal status and who are usually of roughly the same age, tended to travel around and interact within the social aggregate. Members of a particular peer group often have similar interests and backgrounds, bonded by the premise of sameness. However, some peer groups are very diverse, crossing social divides such as socioeconomic status level of education, race, creed, culture, or religion.

Developmental psychologists, LevVygotsky, Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, and Harry Stack Sullivan, have all argued that peer relationships provide a unique context for cognitive, social, and emotional development, with equality, reciprocity, cooperation, and intimacy, maturing and enhancing children's reasoning abilities and concern for others. Modern research echoes these sentiments, showing that social and emotional gains are indeed provided by peer interaction.

JR Harris suggested in The Nurture Assumption that an individual's peer group significantly influences their intellectual and personal development. Several longitudinal studies support the conjecture that peer groups significantly affect scholastic achievement, but relatively few studies have examined the effect on

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tests of cognitive ability. There is some evidence that peer groups influence tests of cognitive ability, however.

            Bonding and function of peer groups:

 Serve as a source of info.

Peer groups have a significant influence on psychological and social adjustments for group individuals. Peer groups provide perspective outside of individual’s viewpoints. Members inside peer groups also learn to develop relationships with other in the social system. Peers, particularly group members, become important social referents for teaching members’ customs, social norms, and different ideologies.

 Teaches gender roles.

Peer groups can also serve as a venue for teaching members Gender roles. Through gender-role socialization group members learn about sex differences, social and cultural expectations. While boys and girls differ greatly there is not a one to one link between sex and gender role with males always being masculine and female always being feminine. Both genders can contain different levels of masculinity and femininity. Peer groups like gender roles can consist of all males, all females, or both male and female. Peer groups can have great influence or peer pressure on each other’s gender role behavior depending on the amount of pressure. If a peer group holds to a strong social norm, member will behave in ways predicted by their gender roles, but if there is not a unanimous peer agreement gender roles do not correlate with behavior

 Serves as a practicing venue to adulthood.

Adolescent Peer groups provide support for children and teens as they assimilate into the adult society decreasing dependence on parents, and increasing feeling of self-sufficiency and connecting with a much larger social network. This is “a period in which individuals are expanding their perspective beyond the family how to and learning negotiates relationships with others in the social system. Peers, particularly group members, become important social referents. Peer groups also have influence on individual member’s attitudes, and behaviors on many cultural, and social issues such

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as drug use, violence, academic achievement and even the development and expression of prejudice.

 Teaches unity & collective behavior

Peer Groups “provide an influential social setting in which group norms are developed, and enforced through socialization processes that promote within-group similarity’’. Peer groups cohesion is determined, and maintained by such factors as group Communication, Group consensus, and Group conformity concerning attitude and behavior. As members of peer groups interconnect, and agree, a normative code arises. This Normative code can become very rigid deciding group behavior, and dress. Peer group individuality is increased by normative codes, and intergroup conflict. Member Deviation from the strict normative code can lead to rejection from the group.

What is a Peer Group? Your peers are other people just like you.
	Children your age.
	Children in your class.
	Children in your year level.
	Friends outside school.
	Children in the groups you join, eg. scouts, youth/church groups, sports clubs and teams.
When people talk about peer groups they often use the phrase "Peer Group Pressure" [PGP] and how it can influence:

	the way you dress
	the way you behave
	the way you think
	the way you live your life now
	the way you might live in the future
	The kind of adult you become.

3 Peer group pressure can be a very powerful force. Most times when we hear about PGP it is because someone is giving it as an excuse for behaving badly or getting into trouble.

Defining Peer Pressure

The term peer pressure is often used to describe instances where an individual feels indirectly pressured into changing their behavior to match that of their peers. Taking up smoking and underage drinking are two of the best known examples. In spite of the often negative connotations of the term, peer pressure can be used positively.

Peer pressure refers to the influence exerted by a peer group in encouraging a person to change his or her attitudes, values, or behavior in order to conform to group norms. Social groups affected include membership groups, when the individual is "formally" a member (for example, political party, trade union), or a social clique. A person affected by peer pressure may or may not want to belong to these groups. They may also recognize dissociative groups with which they would not wish to associate, and thus they behave adversely concerning that group's behavior.

In young people, youth peer pressure is considered as one of the most frequently referred to forms of peer pressure. It is particularly common because most youth spend large amounts of time in fixed groups (schools and subgroups within them) regardless of their opinion of those groups. In addition to this, they may lack the maturity to handle pressure from 'friends'. Also, young people are more willing to

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behave negatively towards those who are not members of their own peer groups. However, youth peer pressure can also have positive effects.

For example, if one is involved with a group of people that are ambitious and working to succeed, one might feel pressured to follow suit to avoid feeling excluded from the group. Sometimes the child is pressuring themselves. They feel like they need the group to be cool. Therefore, the youth would be pressured into improving themselves, bettering them in the long run. This is most commonly seen in youths that are active in sports or other extracurricular activities where conformity with one's peer group is strongest.

Peers influence your life, even if you don't realize it, just by spending time with you. You learn from them, and they learn from you. It's only human nature to listen to and learn from other people in your age group.

Peers can have a positive influence on each other. Maybe another student in your science class taught you an easy way to remember the planets in the solar system, or someone on the soccer team taught you a cool trick with the ball. You might admire a friend who is always a good sport and try to be more like him or her. Maybe you got others excited about your new favorite book, and now everyone's reading it. These are examples of how peers positively influence each other every day.

Sometimes peers influence each other in negative ways. For example, a few kids in school might try to get you to cut class with them, your soccer friend might try to convince you to be mean to another player and never pass her the ball, or a kid in the neighborhood might want you to shoplift with him.

Why Do People Give in to Peer Pressure?

Some kids give in to peer pressure because they want to be liked, to fit in, or because they worry that other kids might make fun of them if they don't go along with the group. Others go along because they are curious to try something new that others are doing. The idea that "everyone's doing it" can influence some kids to leave their better judgment, or their common sense, behind.

Everyone talks about peer pressure on teens, but just how bad is it? Odds are, it’s not as bad as most parents think. Parents may lay awake at night worrying about

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what other kids will force their children to do. But "when we talk to young people, they tell us this vision of peer pressure is extremely rare," says Stephen Wallace, senior advisor for policy, research, and education of Students Against Destructive Decisions (SADD).

Teens rarely strong-arm each other into trying risky things. Instead, friends play a more subtle role in your child’s decisions. Teens are more likely to hang out with other teens that do the same things. For example, a study by researchers at Columbia University shows that kids are six times more likely to have had a drink if their friends often drink alcohol.  

Peer Pressure Often Comes From Within

Teens often feel internal pressure to do the things that they think their peers are doing. "Most kids wildly overestimate the prevalence of alcohol and drug use," says Wallace, who wrote the book, Reality Gap: Alcohol, Drugs, and Sex -- What Parents Don’t Know and Kids Aren’t Telling.

Parents who want to dispel the myth that drugs and alcohol are an adolescent rite of passage can simply cite the facts. A long-term, national study of adolescents in grades 8, 10, and 12 shows that many typical teen behaviors are actually losing popularity. 

         While 71% of teens have tried alcohol by the end of high school, far fewer drink to get drunk.

         In 2010, 27% of students said they got drunk in the past year. This is down from almost 40% in 1997.

         In 2010, 34% of students had ever used drugs and only 27% had done so within the past year. Teens who had ever used drugs peaked at 43% in 1997.

         Close to 31% of students reported having ever smoked a cigarette, compared to almost 54% in 1991.

Certain drugs get a bad rep as their risks become more widely known. When teens think their friends will look down on them for taking a drug, they’re much less likely to use it. Unfortunately, this does not apply to drug use overall. As some drugs fall out of favor, new ones hit the scene. And it often takes years for teens to understand their new dangers.

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Influence of peer groups

Peer groups can also have a positive influence—a fact many parents have known for years. Studies support parent's perceptions that the influence of friends can have a positive effect on academic motivation and performance. Conversely, experimentation with drugs, drinking, vandalism, and stealing may also be increased by interaction with the peer group.

What does peer group pressure look like?

There are two types of peer group pressure - positive and negative.

Positive is the sort of influence that gets people involved in   things they can feel proud about and makes them feel good about themselves.

Unfortunately, the one we hear most about is the negative, usually because of the bad things that happen as a result of this kind of pressure. Peer group Pressures Advantages You already know that the teen years can be tough. You're figuring out who you are, what you believe, what you're good at, what your responsibilities are, and what your place in the world is going to be. It's comforting to face those challenges with friends who are into the same things that you are. But you probably hear adults — parents, teachers, guidance counselors, etc. — talk about peer pressure more than the benefits of belonging to a peer group. Peer pressure is not always a bad thing. For example, positive peer pressure can be used to pressure bullies into acting better toward other kids. If enough kids get together, peers can pressure each other into doing what's right! 7 You might not hear a lot about it, but peers have a profoundly positive influence on each other and play important roles in each other's lives: Friendship. Among peers you can find friendship and acceptance, and share experiences that can build lasting bonds. Positive examples. Peers set plenty of good examples for each other. Having peers who are committed to doing well in school or to doing their best in a sport can influence you to be more goal-oriented, too. Peers who are kind and loyal influence you to build these qualities in yourself. Even peers you've never met can be role models! For example, watching someone your age compete in the Olympics, give a piano concert, or spearhead a community project might inspire you to go after a dream of your own. Feedback and advice. Your friends listen and give you feedback as you try out new ideas, explore belief, and discuss problems. Peers can help you make decisions, too: what courses to take; whether to get your hair cut, let it grow, or dye it; how to handle a family argument. Peers often give each other good advice. Your friends will be quick to tell you when they think you're making a mistake or doing something risky. Socializing. Your peer group gives you opportunities to try out new social skills. Getting to know lots of different people — such as classmates or teammates — gives you a chance to learn how to expand your circle of friends, build relationships, and work out differences. You may have peers you agree or disagree with, compete with, or team with, peers you admire, and peers you don't want to be like. Encouragement. Peers encourage you to work hard to get the solo in the concert, help you study, listen and support you when you're upset or troubled, and empathize with you when they've experienced similar difficulties. New experiences. Your peers might get you involved in clubs, sports, or religious groups. Your world would be far less rich without peers to encourage you try sushi for the first time, listen to a CD you've never heard before, or to offer moral support when you audition for the school play. Conformity During early teens, most youngsters feel that they must be like the others of their group. They must leave their former social boundaries and search for adventure. This desire to conform has led to the formation of clubs, fraternities, and style fads. Some youngsters have gone too far to form a sub-culture of their generation. Peers The peer is a small, informal and somewhat exclusive affiliation of individuals in a face-to-face group. Members are approximately of the same age. Basis of peer group formations are interests, special aptitudes, and the desire to get together with others or to do things with others. Activities peers involve in include gossiping, dancing, singing, going places, seeing movies, window shopping, dining out, playing indoor games, etc. the benefits derived from peers are: - satisfying sense of belongingness - release of emotional tensions in a friendly climate - development of social skills - reinforcement of one's personal importance - prestige - incentive to behave in a mature way - a taste of independence from parents. Disadvantages Sometimes, though, the stresses in your life can actually come from your peers. They may pressure you into doing something you're uncomfortable with, such as shoplifting, doing drugs or drinking, taking dangerous risks when driving a car, or having sex before you feel ready. This pressure may be expressed openly ("Oh, come on — it's just one beer, and everyone else is having one") or more indirectly — simply making beer available at a party, for instance. Most peer pressure is less easy to define. Sometimes a group can make subtle signals without saying anything at all — letting you know that you must dress or talk a certain way or adopt particular attitudes toward school, other students, parents, and teachers in order to win acceptance and approval. The pressure to conform (to do what others are doing) can be powerful and hard to resist. A person might feel pressure to do something just because others are doing it (or say they are). Peer pressure can influence a person to do something that is relatively harmless — or something that has more serious consequences. Giving in to the pressure to dress a certain way is one thing — going along with the crowd to drink or smoke is another. People may feel pressure to conform so they fit in or are accepted, or so they don't feel awkward or uncomfortable. When people are unsure of what to do in a social situation, they naturally look to others for cues about what is and isn't acceptable. The people who are most easily influenced will follow someone else's lead first. Then others may go along, too — so it can be easy to think, "It must be OK. Everyone else is doing it. They must know what they're doing." Before you know it, many people are going along with the crowd — perhaps on something they might not otherwise do. Responding to peer pressure is part of human nature — but some people are more likely to give in, and others are better able to resist and stand their ground. People who are low on confidence and those who tend to follow rather than lead could be more likely to seek their peers' approval by giving in to a risky challenge or suggestion. People who are unsure of themselves, new to the group, or inexperienced with peer pressure may also be more likely to give in. Using alcohol or drugs increases anyone's chances of giving in to peer pressure. Substance use impairs judgment and interferes with the ability to make good decisions. The peer also exerts negative influences and pressure upon the teenager. More often than not, the peer group: - restricts development of individuality. - encourages hostility to members of out-groups. - creates competition of keeping up with the Joneses or down with the mob. - creates conflicts of allegiance between parental authority and clique mores; hence, defiance or parents tests the limits of adult tolerance. - amplifies development of class segregation. - disrupts organizational harmony of establishments like schools. - represents a bizarre system of reward and punishment, of approval and disapproval. The antidote to pressures exerted by peers and conformity is a sense of maturity.

How to recognize positive PGP

People can influence others in a positive way by:

·         Saying positive things.
·         Encouraging others to try.
·         Accepting people's differences.
·         Getting involved in positive group activities at school.
·         Caring about the feelings of others.
·         Caring about the safety of others.
·         Using good manners.
·         Using appropriate language.
·         Getting involved in positive out of school activities e.g. sport, music, youth groups.
·         Talking about, 'authority' figures [parents, teachers, and police] as people to go to for care, help and guidance.

You can choose to be part of a group where you will feel safe, valued and supported by the others in the group. If you are not a 'group' person you will still have the support of others in this group if you behave in the same way.

How to recognize negative PGP

People can influence people in a negative way by:

·         Making negative comments.
·         Making people feel bad about themselves.
·         Using 'put downs'.
·         Picking on people's differences.
·         Not trying in school.
·         Discouraging others from trying.
·         Teasing and harassing others.
·         Bullying.
·         Threatening others.
·         Calling people names.
·         Daring others to do unsafe things or things which could get them into trouble.
·         Being rude and bad mannered.
·         Using inappropriate language.
·         Not considering the feelings of others.
·         Not thinking about the consequences of what you or others are doing.
·         Not involved in positive out-of-school activities.
·         Seeing 'authority' figures as 'the enemy'.

No one is perfect all the time but everyone needs to be able to recognize a situation that could lead to trouble or danger. 

Remember:  kids who do things that make others feel bad or get into trouble are not good friends!

Dares

Dare you to bash up that guy. I thought it would be cool, It turned out he was strong And he hit me with a stool. They'd said that he was weak, I guess I was a fool. I reckon I'll think twice next time. When I try to look real cool. Nigel

It is much stronger and braver to say "no" to a dare that could hurt someone, or get you into trouble, than to just do what someone dares you to.

Solution

"Remember 2 'rules' you have probably learned at school.

1. Everyone has the right to feel safe all the time.
2. Nothing is so awful that you can't talk with someone about it.

If you've heard of these 'rules' then you will know about:

• Finding a group of people whom you trust and can rely on to help keep you safe.
• Telling some of your trusted adults about your problems so that you are not trying to deal with them on your own."
• Getting in tune with your body. If your body is giving you 'danger' signals (e.g. your tummy feels fluttery or sick, you're sweating, feeling cold and shaky, and your heart beating faster) then it is telling you to think again and keep yourself safe. Our topic 'Peer group pressure' will tell you more about this.

Case Analysis: Adjusting to Teen Pressure
Analyze the case of Annabelle, a typical teenager like you.

Annabelle is a very studious student, consistently at the top of the honor roll. However, she is lean and lanky. She doesn't mingle with her classmates. She prefers to be alone, to sit on one corner and pore over her books, during her vacant period. One day, one of her teachers, Mrs. De Jesus, calls her attention and says to her, "You are doing fine with your studies. But remember that life is not all books and exams. People must develop skills such as being able to work, get along well with others and to lead peers to productive activity. When you grow older, you will realize that these are more important than your paper qualifications."

There's no magic to standing up to peer pressure, but it does take courage — yours:

• Listen to your gut. If you feel uncomfortable, even if your friends seem to be OK with what's going on, it means that something about the situation is wrong for you. This kind of decision-making is part of becoming self-reliant and learning more about who you are.
• Plan for possible pressure situations. If you'd like to go to a party but you believe you may be offered alcohol or drugs there, think ahead about how you'll handle this challenge. Decide ahead of time — and even rehearse — what you'll say and do. Learn a few tricks. If you're holding a bottle of water or a can of soda, for instance, you're less likely to be offered a drink you don't want.
• Arrange a "bail-out" code phrase you can use with your parents without losing face with your peers. You might call home from a party at which you're feeling pressured to drink alcohol and say, for instance, "Can you come and drive me home? I have a terrible earache."
• Learn to feel comfortable saying "no." With good friends you should never have to offer an explanation or apology. But if you feel you need an excuse for, say, turning down a drink or smoke, think up a few lines you can use casually. You can always say, "No, thanks, I've got a belt test in karate next week and I'm in training," or "No way — my uncle just died of cirrhosis and I'm not even looking at any booze."
• Hang with people who feel the same way you do. Choose friends who will speak up with you when you're in need of moral support, and be quick to speak up for a friend in the same way. If you're hearing that little voice telling you a situation's not right, chances are others hear it, too. Just having one other person stand with you against peer pressure makes it much easier for both people to resist.
• Blame your parents: "Are you kidding? If my mom found out, she'd kill me, and her spies are everywhere."
• If a situation seems dangerous, don't hesitate to get an adult's help.

It's not always easy to resist negative peer pressure, but when you do, it is easy to feel good about it afterwards. And you may even be a positive influence on your peers who feel the same way — often it just takes one person to speak out or take a different action to change a situation. Your friends may follow if you have the courage to do something different or refuse to go along with the group. Consider yourself a leader, and know that you have the potential to make a difference.

Interventions

Since schools are often the site of negative peer interactions, school personnel have a unique opportunity for effective intervention. Many schools have peer-mediation programs, in which students are encouraged to resolve conflicts on their own without the use of violence or aggression. School counselors also organize groups within the school to handle various problems, including providing social skills training and empathy training.

Risks

Peer groups often provide an example for negative and harmful behaviors. Cluster suicide is one such example. When a teen realizes that someone he or she knew has attempted or has committed suicide, the teen may see suicide as a viable option for him- or herself as well. For this reason, schools and local media should exercise caution when reporting such tragedies. Care must be taken not to portray the suicide glamorously or mythically.

When parents try to protect their children by telling them to stay away from certain friends, they should realize that sometimes this only encourages them to seek out negative role models. Parents should be supportive of their child and redirect their child's activities to more positive and prosocial peers and events. A trusted adult friend, such as a scout leader or a respected coach, may be an important part of the redirection effort.

As noted, children and adolescents without strong family connections, or at least a positive connection with other adults in their life, face a higher risk of negative influence from peer groups. If the child or adolescent has not been able to form bonds with positive peer groups, it is more likely they will be perceived as distant and different from their peers, making them feel more like outsiders. Lower standards of acceptance often exist in less positive peer groups, making it easier for people to join. Unfortunately, many such groups often engage in self-destructive and anti-social activities.

Conclusion

Nearly everyone ends up in a sticky peer pressure situation at some point. No matter how wisely you choose your friends, or how well you think you know them, sooner or later you'll have to make decisions that are difficult and could be unpopular. It may be something as simple as resisting the pressure to spend your hard-earned babysitting money on the latest MP3 player that "everybody" has. Or it may mean deciding to take a stand that makes you look uncool to your group.

It is tough to be the only one who says "no" to peer pressure, but you can do it. Paying attention to your own feelings and beliefs about what is right and wrong can help you know the right thing to do. Inner strength and self-confidence can help you stand firm, walk away, and resist doing something when you know better.

It can really help to have at least one other peer, or friend, who is willing to say "no," too. This takes a lot of the power out of peer pressure and makes it much easier to resist. It's great to have friends with values similar to yours who will back you up when you don't want to do something.

You've probably had a parent or teacher advice you to "choose your friends wisely." Peer pressure is a big reason why they say this. If you choose friends who don't use drugs, cut class, smoke cigarettes, or lie to their parents, then you probably won't do these things either, even if other kids do. Try to help a friend who's having trouble resisting peer pressure. It can be powerful for one kid to join another by simply saying, "I'm with you — let's go."

Even if you're faced with peer pressure while you're alone, there are still things you can do. You can simply stay away from peers who pressure you to do stuff you know is wrong. You can tell them "no" and walk away. Better yet, find other friends and classmates to pal around with.

If you continue to face peer pressure and you're finding it difficult to handle, talk to someone you trust. Don't feel guilty if you've made a mistake or two. Talking to a parent, teacher, or school counselor can help you feel much better and prepare you for the next time you face peer pressure.

When there is no peer pressure, productivity typically goes down. So it is in your best interest and in the best interest of the company to be in an environment that has accountability and competition. Without these things we can get lazy and complacent.

At least for me, the times when I am under pressure, I learn more than I usually do. My mind goes into “freak” out mode, and I get done what I need to get done. This ties very well with an article I wrote a while ago on how the easy path is not what you want.

Resources

BOOKS

Juvonen, J. and S. Graham, eds. Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized. New York: The Guilford Press, 2001.

PERIODICALS

Pearl, R., T. W. Farmer, R. Van Acker, P. C. Rodkin, K. K. Bost, M. Coe, and W. Henley. "The social integration of students with mild disabilities in general education classrooms: Peer group membership and peer-assessed social behavior." Elementary School Journal 99, no. 2 (Nov 1998): 167-185.

Ryan, A. M. "The peer group as a context for the development of young adolescent motivation and achievement." Child Development 72, no. 4 (Jul-Aug 2001): 1135-1150.

Schwartz, D. "Subtypes of victims and aggressors in children's peer groups." Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 28, no. 2 (Apr 2000): 181-192.

Deanna Pledge, Ph.D.

The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference by Malcolm Gladwell

WEBSITES

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